世界7489种语言属性信息数据
（Ethnologue24版）
语言属性信息包括：语言其他名称、语言本来名称、谱系分类、通行国家、方言情况、ISO639-3代码、语言发展使用情况、语言资源、语言状态、语言使用情况、分布位置、其他信息、使用人口数量、语言类型信息、该语言的文字书写系统、数据库中使用的语言名称等。
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| Alternate Names | Autonym | Classification | Country | Dialects | ISO 639-3 | Language Development | Language Resources | Language Status | Language Use | Location | Other Comments | Population | Population Numeric | Typology | Writing | name |
| Abkhazian, Abxazo | а?суа бызш?а? (A?sua byz?wa), а?сш?а? (A?s?wa) | Abkhaz-Adyghe, Abkhaz-Abazin | Georgia | Bzyb, Abzhywa (Abzhui), Samurzakan, Sadz, Ahchypsy, Tsabal. Closely related to Abaza [abq]. | abk | Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1912–2004. | OLAC resources in and about Abkhaz | 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Abkhazia, co-official with Georgian (1995, Constitution, Article 8). | 94% speak it as L1. Used as L2 by Mingrelian [xmf]. | Abkhazia region: Black Sea coast, separate areas near Gudaut’a and Och’amch’re. | Christian, Muslim. | 129,000 in Georgia (Leclerc 2015). Total users in all countries: 194,710. | 194710 | Cyrillic script [Cyrl], used since 1860s. Georgian (Mkhedruli and Mtavruli) script [Geor], no longer in use. | Abkhaz | |
| Abazin, Abazintsy, Ashuwa | абаза? (Abaza), абаза бызшва? (Abaza byz?va) | Abkhaz-Adyghe, Abkhaz-Abazin | Russian Federation | Tapanta, Ashkaraua (Ashkar, Ashkharywa, Ashxar, Shkaraua), Bezshagh. Some dialects partially intelligible of Abkhaz [abk]. | abq | Newspapers. Radio. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. | OLAC resources in and about Abaza | 5* (Developing). | More vigorous in the Russian Federation than Turkey. L1 for about 95%. Most also use Russian [rus]. | Karachay-Cherkessia republic and Stavropol krai. | Muslim. | 37,800 in Russian Federation (2010 census). Ethnic population: 43,300 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 51,000. | 51000 | SOV; highly agglutinative; ergative-absolutive agreement on the verb; 61 consonant and 2 vowel phonemes. | Cyrillic script [Cyrl]. Latin script [Latn], used in Turkey. | Abaza |
| Adyge, Adygei, Adygey, Kiakh, Kjax, Lower Circassian, Lowland Adyghe, West Circassian, Western Adyghe, Western Circassian | Адыгабзэ? (Ad?g?bz?), К?ах Адыгабзэ? (Kiakh Ad?g?bz?) | Abkhaz-Adyghe, Circassian | Russian Federation | Shapsug (Sapsug, Shapsugh, Shapsugi), Xakuchi, Bezhedukh (Bzedux, Bzhedug, Bzhedugh), Abadzex (Abadzakh, Abadzeg, Abadzekh, Abzakh), Natuzaj (Natukhai), Temirgoy (Chemgui, Temirgoj). Similar to Kabardian [kbd]. | ady | Literacy rate in L1: 99% (Ministry of Education, Adygea Republic). Literacy rate in L2: 100% (Ministry of Education, Adygea Republic). Taught in primary schools. Literature. Newspapers. Radio. TV. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1991. | OLAC resources in and about Adyghe | 2 (Provincial). Statutory provincial language in Adyghea Republic (1995, Constitution, Adyghea Republic, Article 2). | 96% speak it as L1. All domains. Used by all. Positive attitudes. All also use Russian [rus]. | Adygea republic; Karachay-Cherkessia republic, Krasnodar krai, and Stavropol krai. | In the Republic of Adygea, the name ‘Adyghe’ is synonymous with Circassian, which includes both Adyghe [ady] (Western Adyghe or Western Circassian) and Kabardian [kbd] (Eastern Adyghe or Eastern Circassian). Muslim. | 117,500 in Russian Federation (2010 census). No monolinguals (Ministry of Education, Adygea Republic). Ethnic population: 129,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 607,500. | 607500 | SOV. | Arabic script, Naskh variant [Arab], no longer in use. Cyrillic script [Cyrl]. Latin script [Latn], used in Turkey. | Adyghe |
| East Circassian, Eastern Adyghe, Eastern Circassian, Highland Adyghe, Kabard, Kabardin, Kabardino-Cherkes, Kabardo-Cherkess, Kabardo-Cherkessian, Upper Adyghe, Upper Circassian | Къэбэрдей Адыгэбзэ? (Q?b?rdey Ad?g?bz?) | Abkhaz-Adyghe, Circassian | Russian Federation | Greater Kabardian, Baksan, Lesser Kabardian, Malka, Mozdok, Kuban, Beslenei (Beslenej, Besleney), Terek. Similar to Adyghe [ady]. | kbd | Taught in primary and secondary schools. Literature. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1993–2007. | OLAC resources in and about Kabardian | 5* (Developing). | Kabardino-Balkar republic, North Ossetia-Alania republic, Stavropol krai. | The ethnonym ‘Adyghe’ is synonymous with Circassian and encompasses both Kabardian (Eastern Adyghe or Eastern Circassian) and Adyghe [ady] (Western Adyghe or Western Circassian). Muslim. | 516,000 in Russian Federation (2010 census). 36,700 monolinguals (2002 census). Ethnic population: 590,000 (2010 census). Total users in all countries: 1,890,000. | 1890000 | Cyrillic script [Cyrl]. | Kabardian | ||
| Oubykh, Pekhi, Ubyx | Abkhaz-Adyghe, Ubyx | Turkey | uby | OLAC resources in and about Ubykh | 10 (Extinct). | A century ago, there were 50,000 speakers in the Caucasus valleys east of the Black Sea. Shifted to Adyghe [ady]. | Istanbul province: Sea of Marmara area, Haci Osman village. | Most migrated to Turkey in 1894. | No known L1 speakers. The last speaker, Tevfik Esen?, died in 1992. | 0 | SOV; agglutinative and polysynthetic; case-marking (3 cases); verb affixes mark subject, direct object and indirect object; ergative; past, present and future tenses; 84 consonant and 2 vowel phonemes, more consonants than any other language without clicks. | Unwritten [Qaax]. | Ubykh | |||
| Aoudjila, Augila, Aujila, Awjila, Awjili | Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Eastern, Awjila-Sokna | Libya | auj | Grammar. | OLAC resources in and about Awjilah | 8a (Moribund). | Older adults only. Shifted to Libyan Spoken Arabic [ayl]. | Al Wahat district: east, Cyrenaica. | Outsiders moving into their territory. Muslim. | 2,500 (2018). | 2500 | Awjilah | ||||
| Sokna, Sokni, Sukna, Tasuknit | Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Eastern, Awjila-Sokna | Libya | swn | OLAC resources in and about Sawknah | 10 (Extinct). | Al Jufrah district. | No known L1 speakers. The last speaker probably died in the 1950s (Basset 1969). | 0 | Sawknah | |||||||
| Oasis Berber, Sioua, Siwa, Zenati, ijlaan n siwaan | Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Eastern, Siwa | Egypt | None known. Not closely related to other Berber languages. | siz | Grammar. | OLAC resources in and about Siwi | 6a* (Vigorous). | Also use Egyptian Spoken Arabic [arz]. | Matruh governorate: northwest desert, Siwa oasis; several isolated villages in Gara oasis. | Muslim. | 20,000 in Egypt (2013). | 20000 | Siwi | |||
| Chenoui, Haqbaylit?, Shenwa | Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Northern | Algeria | Beni Menacer (Chleuh, Tachelhit, Tamenracit), Chenoui, Djebel Bissa, Tamazight de l’Atlas blidéen (Beni-Salah). Lexical similarity: 77% with Tachawit [shy], 76% with Amazigh (Kabyle) [kab]. | cnu | Radio. Dictionary. Grammar. Texts. | OLAC resources in and about Chenoua | 6b (Threatened). | Mainly rural village use. Some parents teach children Arabic for educational advantage. These youth then learn Chenoua from elders at an older age. Some of all ages. Also use Algerian Spoken Arabic [arq], with shift in larger towns and cities. | A?n Defla province: north of Khemis; Chlef province: Mount Bissa area; Tipasa province: generally Mount Chenoua area; Mount Chenoua area (Chenoui dialect), south and west (Beni Menacer dialect); Tacheta forest area, and Beni Haoua village (Djebel Bissa dialect). | Muslim. | 76,300 (2004 J. Leclerc). Beni Menacer: 61,000; Chenoui: 15,300 (2004 J. Leclerc). | 76300 | Chenoua | |||
| Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Northern, Atlas | Israel | jbe | Texts. | OLAC resources in and about Judeo-Berber | 8a (Moribund). | Older adults only. Shifted to Hebrew [heb]. | HaMerkaz district: between Hadera and Haifa. | Migrated to Israel from 1950 to 1960. Jewish. | 2,900 (Leclerc 2018a). | 2900 | Hebrew script [Hebr]. | Judeo-Berber | ||||
| Shilha, Soussiya, Southern Shilha, Susiya, Tachelheit, Tachilhit, Tashelheit, Tashelheyt, Tashelhit, Tashilheet, Tashlhiyt, Tasoussit | Ta?l?iyt, ??????? (t?l?yt), ????????? (taclhiyt) | Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Northern, Atlas | Morocco | shi | Taught in primary schools, occasionally. Literature. Newspapers. Radio. TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. Texts. NT: 2010. | OLAC resources in and about Tachelhit | 5* (Developing). | Many also use Moroccan Spoken Arabic [ary], especially men but few women. | Guelmim-Es Semara, Marrakesh-Tensift-Al Haouz, Souss-Massa-Dr?a, and Tadla-Azilal regions: coast south to Ifni, north to near Agadir, northeast to Marrakech outskirts, east to Dr?a, including Sous valley, and south near the border. | ‘Shilha’ is the Arabic name for Moroccan Berber varieties in general. Muslim. | 5,000,000 in Morocco (2017). Total users in all countries: 5,118,000. | 5118000 | Prepositions; gender (masculine/feminine); case-marking (marked, unmarked); verb affixes mark person, number, gender of subject; tense and aspect; 32 consonant and 3 vowel phonemes. | Arabic script, Naskh variant [Arab]. Latin script [Latn]. Tifinagh (Berber) script [Tfng], official usage. | Tachelhit | |
| Central Shilha, Middle Atlas Berber, Moroccan Amazigh, Shilha, Tachelhit, Tamazight, Tmazight | Tmazi?t, ????????? (Tamazight) | Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Northern, Atlas | Morocco | Much dialect variety. May be more than 1 language. | tzm | Literacy rate in L2: Men 25%, women 5%. Literature. Radio. TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. Texts. Bible portions: 1919–1981. | OLAC resources in and about Tamazight, Central Atlas | 6b (Threatened). | A major Berber language. Some young people, all adults. Also use Moroccan Spoken Arabic [ary], as L2. | Widespread, especially Middle and east High Atlas Mountains, adjacent valleys to Taza, Rabat area. | 65% live in rural areas, 10% live outside the traditional area. Muslim. | 4,590,000 in Morocco (2016). 936,000 monolinguals. Total users in all countries: 4,740,000. | 4740000 | VSO; prepositions; noun head initial; gender (masculine/feminine); verb affixes mark person, number, gender of subject; passives; causatives; 34 consonants and 3 vowels; non-tonal. | Arabic script, Naskh variant [Arab]. Latin script [Latn]. Tifinagh (Berber) script [Tfng], developed in 2003, official usage. | Tamazight, Central Atlas |
| Amazighe standard marocain | ????????? (tamazi?t), ???????? ????????? (tamazi?t tanawayt) | Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Northern, Atlas | Morocco | zgh | OLAC resources in and about Tamazight, Standard Moroccan | 1 (National). Statutory national language (2011, Constitution, Article 5). | Widespread. | Tifinagh (Berber) script [Tfng], official usage. | Tamazight, Standard Moroccan | |||||||
| Kabyl, Kabyle, Kabylia, Tamazight | Taqbaylit, Tazwawt | Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Northern, Kabyle | Algeria | Eastern Kabyle, Far Eastern Kabyle (Tasahlit), Western Kabyle, Far Western Kabyle. Lesser Kabyle (Tasahlit) may be a separate language. | kab | Dictionary. Grammar. Texts. Bible: 2011. Agency: Algerian Academy of Amazigh Language. | OLAC resources in and about Amazigh | 1 (National). Statutory national language (2016, Constitutional Revision, Article 4), co-official with Arabic. | Used by all. Positive attitudes. Also use French [fra], especially by men in trade and correspondence. | Bouira, Béja?a, Tizi Ouzou, Bordj Bou Arréridj, Sétif, M’Sila, Jijel, Boumerdès, Mila, and Médéa provinces; Mediterranean coast east of Algiers; from Thenia to Béja?a (Grande Kabylie dialect); coast and inland between Tichy and Ziama Mansouria, Aokas and Tizi n Berber (Lesser Kabyle dialect). | Kabyle reported by some sources to derive from the Arabic word for tribesman. Patrilineal and patrilocal. Muslim, Christian. | 6,220,000 in Algeria (2020). Total users in all countries: 6,819,200. | 6819200 | Gender (masculine/feminine); verb affixes mark person, number, gender of subject; tense and aspect; 47 consonant and 4 vowel phonemes. | Latin script [Latn], primary usage. Tifinagh (Berber) script [Tfng], symbolic use only. | Amazigh |
| Berbère, Ghadāmis, Ghadames | Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Northern, Zenati, East | Libya | Ayt Waziten (Ait Wazitan), Ayt Welid. | gha | Grammar. Texts. | OLAC resources in and about Ghadamès | 6b (Threatened). | Some young people, all adults. | Nalut district: Ghadamès, a small oasis near Algeria-Tunisia border. | Muslim. | 12,600 in Libya (2018). Total users in all countries: 15,700. | 15700 | Ghadamès | |||
| Djerbi, Jabal Nafusi, Jbel Nafusi, Jebel Nefusi, Nefusi | Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Northern, Zenati, East | Libya | Zuara (Zouara, Zuraa, Zuwara, Zuwarah, Zwara), Tamezret (Duwinna), Jerbi (Jerba). Zuara dialect well known in Jebel Nafusa area and in Jerba Tunisia. Some visit Zuara, but not vice versa. Matmata and Tatawine area less well understood by speakers in Jerba or Zuara. Speakers in Zuara and Jebel areas understand Jerba dialect stories well. | jbn | Radio. TV. Grammar. Texts. | OLAC resources in and about Nafusi | 6a (Vigorous). | All domains. Used by all. Positive attitudes. | Al Jabal al Gharbi and Nalut districts: Jabal Nafusah, Nalut, Tripolitania, and Yafran areas, isolated on Zuara Coast west of Tripoli. | Most live apart from Arabized inhabitants of the region. Muslim. | 233,000 in Libya (2018). Preschool children are monolingual in Nafusi. Total users in all countries: 283,000. | 283000 | Arabic script, Naskh variant [Arab]. | Nafusi | ||
| Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Northern, Zenati, East | Tunisia | Tmagourt (Tmagurt), Sened. | sds | OLAC resources in and about Sened | 10 (Extinct). | Qafsah governorate: Sened and Tmagourt villages, northwest of Gabès. | No known L1 speakers. The last speakers probably survived into the 1970s. | 0 | Sened | |||||||
| Shilha, Taghumarit, Tamazight | Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Northern, Zenati, Ghomara | Morocco | gho | Grammar. Texts. | OLAC resources in and about Ghomara | 6a (Vigorous). | Possible slow shift to Moroccan Spoken Arabic [ary]. Used by all. Also use Moroccan Spoken Arabic [ary], especially men. | Tangier-Tetouan region: Chechaouen province, along Rif Mountains coast. | Muslim. | 10,000 (2008 J. Hannouche). | 10000 | Ghomara | ||||
| Sud Oranais-Gourara, Zenatiyya | Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Northern, Zenati, Mzab-Wargla | Algeria | Gourara (Gurara), Touat (Tuat, Tuwat), South Oran. Reportedly similar to Tumzabt [mzb], Tagargrent [oua], and Temacine Tamazight [tjo], but not as similar as they are to each other. Low intelligibility of other Tamazight speech forms, including Tumzabt and Tagargrent. | grr | Dictionary. Grammar. Texts. | OLAC resources in and about Taznatit | 6b (Threatened). | Some young people, all adults. | Adrar, Béchar, El Bayadh, and Naama provinces; Gourara area; Beni Ounif, Boussemghoun, Igli, Ouakda, Taghit. | Muslim. | 11,000 in Algeria (2014 L. Souag). | 11000 | Taznatit | |||
| Ghardaia, Mozabite, Mzab, Mzabi | Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Northern, Zenati, Mzab-Wargla | Algeria | Only minor dialect variations. | mzb | Dictionary. Grammar. Bible portions: 1950. | OLAC resources in and about Tumzabt | 6b* (Threatened). | Vigorous. Also use Algerian Spoken Arabic [arq]. Also use French [fra]. Also use Spanish [spa]. | Gharda?a province: Mzab region south of Algiers; 7 oases, Gharda?a is principal one. | Strong cultural vitality. Tumzabt villages are interspersed among Arabic-speaking villages. Muslim. | 150,000 (2010 UNESCO). Women are monolingual. | 150000 | Arabic script, Naskh variant [Arab]. Latin script [Latn]. Tifinagh (Berber) script [Tfng]. | Tumzabt | ||
| Ouargla, Ouargli, Wargla | Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Northern, Zenati, Mzab-Wargla | Algeria | Ouedghir (Wadi), Temacin, Tariyit. Only moderate comprehension of Tumzabt. Tariyit dialect is spoken by the Haratine (former slaves of the Ouargli people). | oua | Dictionary. Grammar. | OLAC resources in and about Tagargrent | 6b* (Threatened). | Some parents choose to speak Algerian Spoken Arabic [arq] with their children to give them a good start in their education. However, other children speak Tagargrent in the streets with their families. Positive attitudes. Also use Arabic [ara]. | Ouargla province: N’Goussa and Ouargla are main centers, near Mzab. | Muslim. | 20,000 (2014). | 20000 | Tagargrent | |||
| Touggourt, Tougourt, Tugurt | Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Northern, Zenati, Mzab-Wargla | Algeria | Possibly a dialect of Tagargrent [oua]. | tjo | OLAC resources in and about Tamazight, Temacine | 7 (Shifting). | Shifting to Algerian Spoken Arabic [arq], in all locations except Bledit Amor. | Ouargla province: Bledit Amor; also Ghomra, Meggarin, Temacine, and Tamelhat areas. | Muslim. | 8,100 (2020). | 8100 | Tamazight, Temacine | ||||
| Arrif, Northern Shilha, Rif, Rif Berber, Rife?o, Riff, Rifia, Rifiya, Ruafa, Shilha, Tamazight, Tamazight n Arrif, Tarifiyt, Tarifyt Berber, Tmazi?t, Tmazight | Tarifit, ???????? (Tarifit), ???????? (Tarifit) | Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Northern, Zenati, Riff | Morocco | Iznasen (Beni Snassen), Ayt Waryaghar, Ayt Ittef, Ayt Mezduy, Ayt Aamart, Ibeqquyen, Ayt Tamsaman, Ayt Tuzin, Igzennayen, Ayt Saaid, Ayt Urishesh, Ayt Tfarsit, Iqeraayen, Ayt Buyahyi, Ayt Settut, Icebdanen. | rif | Literature. Newspapers. Radio. TV. Videos. Dictionary. Grammar. Texts. NT: 2020. | OLAC resources in and about Tarifit | 5 (Developing). | Used by all. Also use Spanish [spa]. | Oriental and Taza-Al Hoceima-Taounate regions. Dialects from all areas of the Rif. | Muslim. | 4,240,000 in Morocco (2016). Total users in all countries: 4,399,000. | 4399000 | Arabic script, Naskh variant [Arab]. Latin script [Latn]. Tifinagh (Berber) script [Tfng]. | Tarifit | |
| Senhaja de Srair, Senhajiya, Shilha, Shilha Barbarya, Shilha n Jbala, Tajeblit, Tamazight, Tamazight n Jbala, Tasenhajit | Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Northern, Zenati, Riff | Morocco | Beni Ahmed, Beni Bechir, Beni Buensar, Beni Jennus, Beni Mesdui, Beni Seddat, Quetama (Ketama), Sarcat, Tagsut. A separate language from Tarifit [rif]. | sjs | Dictionary. | OLAC resources in and about Senhaja Berber | 6b (Threatened). | Some young people, all adults. | Taza-Al Hoceima-Taounate region: Ketama area west of Tarifit. | Shilha is Arabic for Moroccan Berber language varieties in general. Shilha n Jbala or Tamazight n Jbala are commonly used names which mean Berber of the Mountain People. An Arabic name for this is Senhajiya. Muslim. | 50,000 (2013). | 50000 | Senhaja Berber | |||
| Aurès, Awras, Chaouia, Chawi, Shawia, Shawiya, Tacawit | Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Northern, Zenati, Shawiya | Algeria | shy | Bible portions: 1950. | OLAC resources in and about Tachawit | 6a* (Vigorous). | A widely used Berber language. | Batna, Biskra, Guelma, Khenchela, Oum el-Bouaghi, Souk Ahras, and Tébessa provinces: Aurès mountains, south and southeast of Grand Kabylie. | Muslim. | 2,300,000 (2020). | 2300000 | Arabic script, Naskh variant [Arab], widely used. Latin script [Latn], minor but increasing usage. Tifinagh (Berber) script [Tfng]. | Tachawit | |||
| Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Northern, Zenati, Tidikelt | Algeria | Tidikelt, Tit. | tia | OLAC resources in and about Tamazight, Tidikelt | 8a (Moribund). | Older adults only. Shifted to Algerian Spoken Arabic [arq]. | Tamanrasset province: Salah area, Tidikelt, and Tit south. | Muslim. | 1,000 (2011), decreasing. | 1000 | Tamazight, Tidikelt | |||||
| Tamachek, Tamachek’, Tamashekin, Tamasheq, Tomachek, Touareg, Tourage, Tuareg | Tamahaq | Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Tamasheq, Northern | Algeria | Hoggar (Ahaggaren, Ajjer, Tahaggart), Ghat (Djanet, Ganet). A member of macrolanguage Tamashek [tmh]. | thv | Grammar. Texts. Bible portions: 1948–1965. | OLAC resources in and about Tamahaq, Tahaggart | 6b* (Threatened). | Most still speak the language. | Adrar and Illizi provinces; Tamanrasset province: south to Niger border in south Hoggar mountains. Southeast, Ganet area and west (Hoggar Ghat dialect). | Muslim. | 71,400 in Algeria (2020). Total users in all countries: 112,900. | 112900 | Arabic script, Naskh variant [Arab]. Latin script [Latn]. Tifinagh (Berber) script [Tfng], called Shifinagh in Niger. | Tamahaq, Tahaggart | |
| Tamachen, Tamashek, Tamashekin, Tomacheck, tamachèque, tamasagt, “Tuareg” (pej.) | T?maj?q | Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Tamasheq, Southern | Mali | Timbuktu (Tanaslamt, Tombouctou), Tadhaq (Kidal, Kidal Tamasheq). May be 2 separate languages. A member of macrolanguage Tamashek [tmh]. | taq | The government is actively promoting the language through adult literacy classes. Taught in primary schools. Grammar. NT: 2003. | OLAC resources in and about Tamasheq | 5 (Developing). Recognized language (1982, Decree No. 159 of 19 July, Article 1). | Used by all. Used as L2 by Koyra Chiini Songhay [khq], Koyraboro Senni Songhay [ses], Tadaksahak [dsq]. | Widespread northeast: Gao, Kidal, and Tombouctou regions; Mopti region: Youvarou circle. | The Bellah were formerly under the Tamasheq economically. Muslim. | 378,000 in Mali (2014 UNSD). Total users in all countries: 500,000. | 500000 | Latin script [Latn]. Tifinagh (Berber) script [Tfng]. | Tamasheq | |
| Amazigh, Tamachek, Tomacheck, Touareg, Tuareg | Tamajeq | Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Tamasheq, Southern | Niger | Air (Agadez, Tamestayert, Tayart, Tayert), Tanassfarwat (Tamagarast). A member of macrolanguage Tamashek [tmh]. | thz | About 16 primary schools use an experimental curriculum taught in Tamajeq for the first 3 years. French gradually introduced until it becomes the primary language of instruction. Taught in primary schools. Literature. Radio. NT: 1990. | OLAC resources in and about Tamajeq, Tayart | 4 (Educational). | Also use Hausa [hau]. Used as L2 by Algerian Saharan Spoken Arabic [aao]. | Agadez region: Arlit and Tchirozerine departments; northwest Zinder and east, southeast Tahoua regions; Maradi region: Dakoro and Mayahi departments. | Nomadic. Muslim. | 250,000 (1998). | 250000 | Latin script [Latn]. Tifinagh (Berber) script [Tfng], called Shifinagh. | Tamajeq, Tayart | |
| Amazigh, Tahoua, Tahoua Tamajeq, Tamachek, Tamashekin, Tamasheq, Tewellemet, Tomacheck, Touareg, Tourage, Tuareg | Tamajaq | Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Tamasheq, Southern | Niger | Tawallammat Tan Dannag (Ioullemmeden), Tawallammat Tan Ataram. A member of macrolanguage Tamashek [tmh]. | ttq | Slowly growing interest in literacy. About 16 primary schools use experimental curriculum taught in Tamajaq for the first 3 years. French gradually introduced until it becomes the primary language of instruction. Taught in primary schools. Literature. Radio. NT: 2016. | OLAC resources in and about Tamajaq, Tawallammat | 6a (Vigorous). Recognized language (1999, Constitution, Article 3). | Some children in urban areas no longer speak Tamajaq. Home, market, commerce, some schools. Used by all. Positive attitudes. Used as L2 by Tagdal [tda], Tasawaq [twq]. | Agadez region: Tchirozerine department; Dosso region: Dogondoutchi department; northwest Maradi region; Tahoua and Tillabéri regions. Central Tahoua from Ingal to Mali border (eastern dialect); west, north and northwest of Niamey (western dialect). | Muslim. | 450,000 in Niger (1998). Total users in all countries: 870,000. | 870000 | Arabic script, Naskh variant [Arab]. Latin script [Latn]. Tifinagh (Berber) script [Tfng], called Shifinagh in Niger. | Tamajaq, Tawallammat | |
| Mauritania Berber, Mauritanian Berber, Zenaga Berber | ???????????? (Tu??ungiyya) | Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Zenaga | Mauritania | None known. Related to other Berber languages in basic structure though specific features are quite different. | zen | Literacy rate in L2: 10% in Arabic [arb]. Grammar. | OLAC resources in and about Zenaga | 8a (Moribund). | Mainly adults. Community. All also use French [fra], as the language of education, media and government. Most also use Hassaniyya [mey], as the language of commerce and interethnic communication. Many also use Standard Arabic [arb], as the language of government, media, and religion (Ould Ahmed 2012). A few also use English [eng], as the emerging language of business and education. | Trarza region: Atlantic coast to Mederdra. | Bedouins, reported to travel mainly in caravans. Racially, both white and black; the latter are descendants of slaves captured centuries ago. Muslim. | 200 in Mauritania (2018), decreasing. | 200 | Tifinagh (Berber) script [Tfng]. | Zenaga | |
| Chinsart, Tin Sert | Afro-Asiatic, Berber, Zenaga | Niger | None known. Most closely related to Zenaga [zen]. | tez | Grammar. | OLAC resources in and about Tetserret | 6b (Threatened). | Shifting to Tayart Tamajeq [thz]. Home, religion. Some young people, all adults. | Tahoua region: Abalak department, Azawagh valley between Abalak, Shadwanka and Akoubounou south of the A?r massif. | Spoken by the Ayttawari Seslem and Kel Eghlal n Enniger tribes (2017 I. Maddieson). | 2,000 (2017 I. Maddieson). | 2000 | Unwritten [Qaax]. | Tetserret | ||
| Boka | Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.1, Eastern | Nigeria | bvw | OLAC resources in and about Boga | 6a* (Vigorous). | Adamawa state: Hong LGA. | 10,000 (Blench and Zeitlyn 1990). | 10000 | Boga | |||||||
| Ga’ana, Ga’andu, Ganda, Kaandecha, Makwar, Mokar | Kaandata | Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.1, Eastern | Nigeria | Ga’anda, Gabin (Ka??n, Ka??nca), Fartata (F?rtata). | gqa | Used in more than 25 primary schools. Taught in secondary schools. Grammar. Bible portions: 2013. | OLAC resources in and about Ga’anda | 4 (Educational). | Also use Hausa [hau]. Also use Nigerian Fulfulde [fuv]. Used as L2 by Hwana [hwo], Lala-Roba [lla], Mboi [moi]. | Adamawa state: Gombi LGA; Guyuk, Mubi, and Song LGAs; Borno state: Biu LGA. | Traditional religion, Christian, Muslim. | 43,000 (1992). | 43000 | Latin script [Latn]. | Ga’anda | |
| Fiterya, Hona, Hwona | Tuftera | Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.1, Eastern | Nigeria | hwo | Bible portions: 2013. | OLAC resources in and about Hwana | 6a* (Vigorous). | Also use Ga’anda [gqa]. Also use Hausa [hau]. Also use Nigerian Fulfulde [fuv]. Also use Nya Huba [hbb]. | Adamawa state: Girei, Shelleng, and Song LGAs, some in Gombi LGA; Borno state: Hawul LGA. | 4 divisions: Hwana Guyaku, Hwana Tawa, Ngithambara, and Hwana Barni. Traditional religion, Christian. | 32,000 (1992). | 32000 | Latin script [Latn]. | Hwana | ||
| Jera | Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.1, Western | Nigeria | jaf | OLAC resources in and about Jara | 6a* (Vigorous). | Also use Hausa [hau]. Also use Nigerian Fulfulde [fuv]. | Borno state: Biu and Kwaya-Kusar LGAs; Gombe state: Akko and Yamaltu-Deba LGAs. | Different from Jere [jer], which is Benue-Congo. | 46,300 (2000). | 46300 | Jara | |||||
| Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.1, Western | Nigeria | Nyimatli (Nimalto, Nyemathi, Nyimatali, Yamaltu), Pidlimdi (Ghena, Ghuna, Hina, Hinna), Bura Kokura. Dialect cluster (Crozier and Blench 1992). | ttr | Grammar. NT: 2016. | OLAC resources in and about Tera | 6a* (Vigorous). | Also use Hausa [hau]. | Borno state: Kwayakusar LGA; Gombe state: Yamaltu-Deba LGA. | 101,000 (2000). | 101000 | Latin script [Latn], used since 2008. | Tera | ||||
| Ngwaxi, Ngwohi | Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.2 | Nigeria | ngx | OLAC resources in and about Nggwahyi | 6b* (Threatened). | Adamawa state: Hong LGA; Borno state: Askira-Uba LGA. | 2,000 (1995). | 2000 | Nggwahyi | |||||||
| Babir, Babur, Barburr, Bourrah, Bura, Burra, Huve, Huviya, Kwojeffa, Mya Bura, Pabir | Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.2, 1 | Nigeria | Pela (Bura Pela, Hill Bura), Hyil Hawul (Bura Hyilhawul, Plain Bura). Kofa [kso] may be a related language. | bwr | Literacy rate in L2: 3%. Grammar. Bible: 2014. | OLAC resources in and about Bura-Pabir | 6b (Threatened). | Some young people, all adults. Also use English [eng]. Used as L2 by Dera [kna], Kibaku [ckl]. | Adamawa state: Gombi LGA; Borno state: Askira-Uba and Biu LGAs; Yobe state: south. | Ngohi is a small subgroup. Traditional religion, Muslim. | 482,000 (2018). | 482000 | Latin script [Latn], used since 2005. | Bura-Pabir | ||
| Chibak, Chibbak, Chibbuk, Chibok, Chibuk, Cibak, Cibuk, Cíb??k, Kibbaku, Kikuk, Kyibaku | Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.2, 1 | Nigeria | ckl | Literacy program planned. | OLAC resources in and about Kibaku | 6a (Vigorous). | All domains. Used by all. Most also use Hausa [hau]. Many also use Nigerian Pidgin [pcm]. Some also use Bura-Pabir [bwr]. Some also use Marghi Central [mrt]. Some also use Nigerian Fulfulde [fuv]. Some also use Yerwa Kanuri [knc]. | Borno state: Askira-Uba, Chibok, and Damboa LGAs. | Christian. | 200,000 (2014 NBTT). | 200000 | Latin script [Latn], in development. | Kibaku | |||
| Kota | Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.2, 1 | Nigeria | None known. Reportedly a separate language from Bura-Pabir [bwr]. | kso | OLAC resources in and about Kofa | 6b* (Threatened). | Adamawa state: Song LGA, north of Belul road, north of Yola. | 1,100 (2003). | 1100 | Kofa | ||||||
| Marghi West | Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.2, 1 | Nigeria | mfl | OLAC resources in and about Putai | 8b (Nearly extinct). | Shifted to Yerwa Kanuri [knc]. | Adamawa state: Madagali and Michika LGAs; Borno state: Akira-Uba, Biu, Chibok, Damboa, Hawul, Kaga, and Konduga LGAs. | 50 | 50 | Putai | ||||||
| Chobba, Huba, Kilba | Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.2, 2 | Nigeria | Nya Hong, Nya Gaya, Nya Mugwahi, Nya Garaha, Nya Kopre, Nya Ya Dil. | hbb | Literacy rate in L1: 5%–10%. Nearly all villages have primary schools; some have secondary schools. Literacy program in progress. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 2017. | OLAC resources in and about Nya Huba | 6a* (Vigorous). | All domains. Also use Hausa [hau]. Also use Nigerian Fulfulde [fuv]. Used as L2 by Hwana [hwo]. | Adamawa state: Gombi, Hong, Maiha, and Mubi LGAs; Borno state: Askira-Uba LGA. | Christian, Muslim. | 337,000 (2018). | 337000 | Latin script [Latn], used since 2008, in development. | Nya Huba | ||
| Margi ti nt?m | Margi | Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.2, 2 | Nigeria | Wamdiu, Hildi. Marghi South, Marghi Central [mrt], and Putai [mfl] form a language subgroup. Hoffman (1963) relates Marghi South to Huba [hbb] rather than to Margi. | mfm | Bible portions: 2013. | OLAC resources in and about Marghi South | 6a* (Vigorous). | Adamawa state: Michika and Mubi LGAs; Borno state: Askira-Uba LGA. | Ethnic population: 166,000 (2006 J. Leclerc). 135,000 in Marghi Central, Marghi South, and Putai languages (1999). | 135000 | Latin script [Latn]. | Marghi South | |||
| Central Margi, Marghi | Margi | Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.2, 2 | Nigeria | Lasa (Babal), Gulak (Dzerngu), Madube (Gwara), Mulgwe (M??lgwí, Malgwa, Molgheu), Wurga (Urga). | mrt | Grammar. NT: 1987. | OLAC resources in and about Marghi Central | 6a* (Vigorous). | Used as L2 by Kibaku [ckl]. | Adamawa state: Mubi and Michika LGAs; Borno state: Askira-Uba and Damboa LGAs. | Marghi South [mfm], Marghi Central, and Putai [mfl] form a language subgroup. | 226,000 (2018). Madube: 4,000, Mulgwe: 6,000 (2014 SIL). | 226000 | SVO. | Latin script [Latn]. | Marghi Central |
| Baza, Ka-Bana, Koma, Mizeran, Parole des Bana | kw?mà ká bàná | Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.3 | Cameroon | Gamboura, Gili (Guili). Reportedly similar to Psikye [kvj], Hya [hya], and Kamwe [hig]. | bcw | Literature. Dictionary. NT: 2005. | OLAC resources in and about Bana | 5 (Developing). | Vigorous. All domains. Used by all. | Far North region: Mayo-Tsanaga division, Bourrah subdivision on Nigeria border. | 23,000 (2007 SIL). 14,000 Gamboura and 9,000 Guili. | 23000 | Latin script [Latn]. | Bana | ||
| Ghye, Za | Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.3 | Cameroon | None known. Reportedly similar to Kamwe [hig]. Lexical similarity: 62% with Psikye [kvj]. | hya | Positive attitudes toward literacy. | OLAC resources in and about Hya | 8a (Moribund). | All domains. | Far North region: Mayo-Tsanaga division, Mokolo subdivision, Amsa. | 940 in Cameroon (2002 SIL). Total users in all countries: 2,940. | 2940 | Unwritten [Qaax]. | Hya | |||
| Kamsiki, Kapsiki, Ptsake | Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.3 | Cameroon | Psikye (Kamu, Kapsiki), Zlenge. Reportedly similar to Hya [hya] and Kamwe [hig] of Nigeria. | kvj | Bible: 2016. | OLAC resources in and about Psikye | 5* (Developing). | Many also use Adamawa Fulfulde [fub]. Many also use French [fra]. Used as L2 by Gavar [gou]. | Far North region: Mayo-Tsanaga division, southwest Mokolo subdivision. | Traditional religion. | 40,500 in Cameroon (1982 SIL). Total users in all countries: 52,500. | 52500 | Latin script [Latn]. | Psikye | ||
| Karya, Kirya, Konzal | myá Kákíryà, myá Kónz??l | Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.3 | Nigeria | Kirya (Fali of Kiria, Fali of Kiriya, Fali of Kirya, Kákìryà, myá Kákíryà), Konzel (Fali of Mijilu, Kónz??l, myá Kónz??l). Reportedly similar to Hya [hya] and Kamwe [hig]. | fkk | Literature. Dictionary. Bible portions: 2017. | OLAC resources in and about Kirya-Konzel | 6a* (Vigorous). | Home, friends, religious ceremonies, local market. | Adamawa state: Mubi LGA. | 5,800 (2011 SIL). | 5800 | Latin script [Latn], informal usage. | Kirya-Konzel | ||
| Hiji, “Higgi” (pej.), “Higi” (pej.) | Kamw?, V?c?mwe | Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.3 | Nigeria | Nkafa, Dakwa (Bazza), Sina (S?na), Futu, Tili Pte, Modi, Humsi. Reportedly similar to Psikye [kvj] and Hya [hya] of Cameroon. | hig | Primary schools. People in lowland towns have more education. NT: 1975–1997. | OLAC resources in and about Kamwe | 5* (Developing). | Used as L2 by Sukur [syk]. | Adamawa state: Michika LGA, Mandara mountains. | Traditional religion, Christian, Muslim. | 577,000 (2018). | 577000 | Latin script [Latn], used since 1975. | Kamwe | |
| Hedi, Hide, H?di, Tur, Turu-Hide, X?di, Xadi, Xdi, Xedi | Hdi | Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.4, Lamang | Cameroon | Tur (Ftour, Tourou, Turu). 51% intelligibility of Vemgo-Mabas [vem], 48% of Lamang [hia], 35% of Gvoko [ngs]. Lexical similarity: 78% with Vemgo-Mabas [vem], 64% with Lamang [hia], 56% with Gvoko [ngs] (Hamm 2004b). | xed | 700 adult students each year in literacy program. Literature. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 2013. | OLAC resources in and about Hdi | 5 (Developing). | Vigorous. All domains. Used by all. Many also use Adamawa Fulfulde [fub]. Many also use French [fra]. Many also use Hausa [hau]. Also use English [eng]. Also use Gvoko [ngs]. Also use Mafa [maf]. Used as L2 by Gvoko [ngs], Mafa [maf], Vemgo-Mabas [vem]. | Far North region: Mayo-Tsanaga division, Mokolo subdivision, Nigeria border northwest of Mokolo. 15 villages. | Christian, traditional religion. | 25,000 in Cameroon (2001 SIL). Total users in all countries: 29,000. | 29000 | Latin script [Latn]. | Hdi | |
| Gbuhwe, Laamang, Waha | Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.4, Lamang | Nigeria | Zaladva (North Lamang), Ghumbagha (Central Lamang), Ghudavan (Ghudeven, Ghud?v?n, South Lamang). 37% intelligibility of Vemgo-Mabas [vem], 31% of Hide [xed]. North Lamang subdialects: Zaladeva (Alataghwa), Dzuba, Leghva (Luhuva), Gwoza-Wakane; Central Lamang (Ghumbagha) sub-dialects: Hedkala (Hidkala, Xidkala, Hitkala, Hitkalanchi), Waga (Waha, Woga, Wagga), Dlige. Lexical similarity: 81% with Vemgo-Mabas [vem], 76% with Hdi [xed], 61% with Gvoko [ngs], 50% with Dghwede [dgh], 46%–47% with Guduf-Gava [gdf], 43% with Glavda [glw], and 42% with Cineni [cie] (Hamm 2004a). | hia | Literacy rate in L2: 25%–50%. Dictionary. Grammar. Texts. Bible portions: 1995. | OLAC resources in and about Lamang | 6a* (Vigorous). | Also use English [eng]. | Adamawa state: Michika LGA; Borno state: Gwoza LGA. | 40,000 (1993). | 40000 | Latin script [Latn], used since 1999. | Lamang | |||
| Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.4, Lamang | Nigeria | Vemgo, Mabas, Visik (Vizik). 56% intelligibility of Lamang [hia], 36% intelligibility of Hdi [xed]. Possibly intelligible of Mafa [maf]. Lexical similarity: 82% with Hdi [xed], 81% with Lamang [hia], 64% with Gvoko [ngs], 50% with Dghwede [dgh], 47%–48% with Guduf-Gava [gdf], 44% with Cineni [cie], and 43% with Glavda [glw] (Hamm 2004a). | vem | OLAC resources in and about Vemgo-Mabas | 6a* (Vigorous). | Also use Hdi [xed]. Also use Mafa [maf]. Also use Nigerian Fulfulde [fuv]. Also use Psikye [kvj]. | Adamawa state: Michika LGA, Madagali district. | Maya may be an alternate name. Different from Maba [mde] of Chad. Traditional religion, Christian. | 10,000 in Nigeria (1993). Total users in all countries: 11,000. | 11000 | Latin script [Latn]. | Vemgo-Mabas | ||||
| Cinene | Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.4, Mandara Proper, Glavda | Nigeria | None known. Lexical similarity: 85% with Glavda [glw], 78%–82% with Guduf-Gava [gdf], 60% with Dghwede [dgh], 53% with Gvoko [ngs], 45% with Hdi [xed], 44% with Vemgo-Mabas [vem], and 42% with Lamang [hia] (Hamm 2004a). | cie | OLAC resources in and about Cineni | 6b (Threatened). | Traditional ceremonies and announcements. Some young people, all adults. Positive attitudes. Some also use English [eng], especially in local government area meetings (Hamm 2004a). Some also use Hausa [hau], especially the youth (Hamm 2004a). | Borno state: Gwoza LGA, Cineni village. | Christian, Muslim. | 3,000 (1998). | 3000 | Unwritten [Qaax]. | Cineni | |||
| Azaghvana, Dehoxde, Hude, Johode, Tghuade, Toghwede, Traude, Wa’a, Zaghvana | Dghwé?è | Afro-Asiatic, Chadic, Biu-Mandara, A, A.4, Mandara Proper, Glavda | Nigeria | None known. Lexical similarity: 69%–70% with Guduf-Gava [gdf], 64% with Gvoko [ngs]. 60% with Cineni [cie], 52% with Glavda [glw], and 50% with Hdi [xed], Lamang [hia], and Vemgo-Mabas [vem] (Hamm 2004b). | dgh | NT: 1980. | OLAC resources in and about Dghwede | 6a* (Vigorous). | Borno state: Gwoza LGA. | 30,000 (1980 UBS). | 30000 | Latin script [Latn], used since 2006. | Dghwede | |||
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